Additional Tips:
The key to making more accurate measurements is to slow down the rate of
changing temperature of the probes. The slower the probe's temperature
increases, the more accurate is the basic assumption that the probe is in a
state of thermo equilibrium..
Sand Cryostat:
Heat loss will be primary though the top surface of the
sand. A way to help reduce this is to use some fiberglass
insulation. A little insulation between the top of the sand, and the lid
of the cryostat will make quite a difference. One needs to take extra
precautions if using the fiberglass insulation with liquid nitrogen. It is
very easy for beads of liquid nitrogen to become trapped within the
fiberglass. If the fiberglass is handled with bare hands, it could appear
to be at room temperature, but if squeezed, would force the liquid nitrogen out,
like water out of a sponge
Four Point Probes:
The four point probes can also be improved by very carefully
bending the cable so that the open face of the probe is parallel to the top
surface of the sand. The reasoning behind this is that the superconductor
pellet thickness is approximately 5mm. Hence any gradient in the sand's
temperature that corresponds to a change in depth, will be minimalized.
Ice Water Bath:
By using two separate containers, one placed inside another,
a more constant temperature of 0ºC can be achieved. The inner container
would have crushed ice, water and the reference junction. The outter
container, would consist of larger cubes of ice, and just enough water to float
the ice. It is important that the inner container is as completely
surrounded by the ice as possible. Ideally this means both on the sides,
and the bottom. If possible, it is best to use a piece of Styrofoam to
cover the top, as to insulate your bath from the outside room temperature.
Two point probes (thermocouple probes):
These are the most difficult probes to try to insulate.
Unlike the Four Point Probes that can be buried out of sight in the sand, these
require the user to visually watch and observe the temperature at which the Meissner
effect disappears. The best method for performing this experiment, is to
use a small thick plastic pyrex petri dish. Place the probe in the center
of the dish, then using large grained washed sand, completely surround the
probe, such that the top of the probe is level with the top surface of the
sand. Slowly add the liquid nitrogen to the sand, until the sand and probe
are complete immersed. Carefully place the small cylindrical magnet over
the probe, then place a small clear plastic cup over the probe, magnet, and some
of the sand The edges of the cup can be buried in the sand
somewhat. Just as long as there is still space between the lip of the cup
and the bottom of the dish. The reason for the space would be to allow the
nitrogen gas to slowly seep out, instead of building up.