Brachiosauridae
Brachiosauridae, as I have it here, may not really exist. It may just be a collection of basal titanosauriforms thrown together without respect for true characteristics. However, I believe Brachiosauridae may have merit. Here it consists of a poorly-constrained group of similar forms, known for their long necks and long arms. The two best-known brachiosaurids are Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan, and as such most representations of the group will be based on them. This leads to mistakes, like making every stegosaurid look like the very unique Stegosaurus. Generally, brachiosaurids have long arms relative to the hindlimbs and very long, somewhat vertically directed necks.
<--Brachiosauridae
|--Brachiosaurus
|--Cedarosaurus
|--Giraffatitan
`--Lusotitan
Brachiosauridae: The latest known brachiosaurid may be from the late Campanian (LK) of Mexico, based on a caudal vert. Other assorted brachiosaurid remains include teeth from the latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian (EK-LK) Mussentuchit member of the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah, teeth from the Barremian-Aptian (EK) of Korea, and a forefoot from the LJ of China.
| Taxon or Taxa: | Time\Place: | Comments: |
| Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs, 1903 | Kimmeridgian (LJ) of Colorado and Utah | Less well-known than its African cousin Giraffatitan,
this species is similar, but lacks among other things the "withers" found in the
Tanzanian taxon. Most restorations of this species are based on Giraffatitan. There is a Morrison skull, discovered back in the Marsh-Cope days (and incorporated by Marsh into his vision of "Brontosaurus"'s skull), that after further study has been shown to be brachiosaurid. It is intermediate in some features to Camarasaurus and Giraffatitan (such as length of the muzzle), and if it belongs to B. altithorax, it would constitute excellent evidence for separation of Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan. The famous Ultrasauros macintoshi Jensen, 1985, turned out to be based on a Supersaurus dorsal vert and a referred large Brachiosaurus shoulder blade. |
| Cedarosaurus weiskopfae Tidwell, Carpenter, and Brooks, 1999 | early Aptian (EK) of Utah | A new brachiosaurid from the Yellow Cat member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, this sauropod is known from a partial skeleton including vertebrae, partial girdles, and most of the limbs. Remains referred to Pleurocoelus may belong here. It was a smallish sauropod. |
| Giraffatitan brancai Olshevsky, 1991 (originally Brachiosaurus brancai Janensch, 1914) | Kimmeridgian (LJ) of Tanzania | Originally considered to be a species of Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan appears to deserve its own genus, as no derived characters have been found to link it to Brachiosaurus proper. The tallest skeleton of anything ever mounted is an honor belonging to this taxon, although the specimen is a composite and larger individuals are known. The skull has an unusually tall rounded crest containing the nostrils. As noted above, this species is unusual in possessing "withers" over the shoulders. |
| Lusotitan atalaiensis Antunes and Mateus, 2003 (originally Brachiosaurus atalaiensis Lapparent and Zybszewski, 1957) | Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (LJ) of Portugal | Lusotitan had been referred to Brachiosaurus. It is a long-armed taxon based on partial postcranial remains. |
Brachiosauridae i.s.: These could just as easily be Titanosauriformes i.s., for the most part.
| Taxon or Taxa: | Time\Place: | Comments: |
| "Cetiosaurus" humerocristatus (?N.D.) Hulke, 1874 | Kimmeridgian (LJ) of England | This sauropod, based on a humerus, may be a brachiosaurid. |
| Paluxysaurus jonesi Rose, 2007 | late Aptian-early Albian (EK) of Texas | Known from the bonebed remains of at least four individuals, including bones from just about everything but part of the hands and feet, Paluxysaurus is a brachiosaurid-like basal titanosauriform. It is different in details from "Texas Pleurocoelus", at least based on the known material of both animals. |
| Sauroposeidon proteles Wedel, Cifelli, and Sanders, 2000 | late Aptian-early Albian (EK) of Oklahoma | Known from four tree-trunk sized cervicals (in fact, they were initially mistaken for petrified logs), this sauropod had the longest neck of any known animal, possibly forty feet in length. Something similar lived on the Isle of Wight a little earlier in the EK |
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